EXCLUSIVE INVITATION: Get FREE Premium Proxy Credits + Earn Cash!

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Want to access global content, manage multiple social accounts, or scrape data without restrictions?
Join Novproxy - The #1 residential IP provider trusted by 100,000+ users worldwide!
Why Novproxy? ✅ 100M+ residential IPs in 190+ countries
✅ 99% success rate with lightning-fast speeds
✅ Perfect for social media management, market research, price monitoring
✅ 24/7 technical support
✅ Traffic never expires!
LIMITED TIME OFFER: Sign up through my link and get FREE 500MB premium proxy credits (worth 0.99) to test our service!
PLUS: Refer & Earn!

Share your unique referral link with friends

They get FREE credits when they sign up

You earn commission on EVERY purchase they make - up to 30% recurring!

No limits on referrals = unlimited earning potential!
Who needs this? Social media managers handling multiple accounts
E-commerce sellers monitoring competitor prices
Digital marketers doing global campaigns
Researchers accessing geo-restricted content
Anyone who needs reliable, anonymous browsing
Ready to unlock the world without borders?
Click here to claim your FREE credits
Don't miss out - this exclusive offer won't last forever! Start your global journey today and turn your network into passive income.
Questions? Drop them below! Our 24/7 support team is ready to help you succeed.

 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Real Residential IP: All IPs are sourced from real home networks, not data centers, effectively reducing risks such as account suspension and verification processes.
Support for fixed or rotating IP: You can choose "fixed IP" to maintain the login status as needed, or "dynamic IP" for frequent switching. The API access is also very convenient.
Global coverage is extensive: Supports over 190 countries and regions, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Southeast Asia, etc.
No speed limit, no thread limit: Suitable for large-scale, multi-threaded operations, such as batch posting, data scraping, and automatic tasks, etc.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Your work is stuck on "IP"? Account abnormality, data collection interruption, environment spoofing failure?
Don't let these minor issues slow down your big plan. It's time to switch to Novproxy dynamic residential IP!
When doing cross-border business, collecting data, and managing accounts, what do people fear the most?
Not that the competitors are too strong, nor that the market is too competitive. Rather, they fear that your IP (Internet Protocol) won't be able to sustain!
Does it look familiar to you?
After changing dozens of IPs, the account is still frequently blocked?
The crawler project was just halfway through when the IP was blocked, and the progress was completely interrupted?
Changing to a different country's node, only to have the platform immediately detect it and directly restrict the functions for "non-local users"?
Advertising placement and price comparison, always unable to access the real local pages?
The root cause of the problem is usually not that your skills are inadequate, but rather that the IP itself is flawed.
Traditional proxies are too easy to be detected. Free nodes have poor stability. Cheap IPs are prone to sharing dark histories...
To truly handle the overseas network environment, there is only one solution: use dynamic residential IP that can "disguise as local people".
And Novproxy's dynamic residential IP just helps you perfectly solve these problems.
Dynamic rotation mechanism: Automatically switch IP when requesting, easily avoid anti-crawling and risk control systems.
Native ISP network: Originated from real home broadband, no trace of proxy can be identified.
Support for HTTP/SOCKS5: All kinds of tools, scripts, and automation tasks are all compatible.
Custom session retention: Flexible control of the usage time of the same IP, persistent tasks are as stable as an old dog.
Balance never expires + flexible API invocation: Use it however you want, don't waste a penny of your budget.
Cross-border marketing, brand monitoring, intelligence gathering, batch operations of multiple accounts...
As long as the right IP is used, the operation will be much easier, and the risk control and failure rate can be directly reduced to zero...
So, don't let low-quality agencies hold you back anymore.
Novproxy Dynamic Residential IP allows you to truly achieve global stealth, freely switch, and successfully capture every target!
And the price is also extremely affordable.
The price is as low as 0.5 US dollars per GB.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Novproxy Residential IP Proxy, low price and high quality, globally applicable!
✅ Over 190 countries' IPs to choose from ✅ Over 100 million residential IPs available
✅ 99% success rate, 24-hour technical support ✅ Traffic never expires, as low as 0.5/GB
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
To become so stable that we forget our own existence - that is our success.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Proxy has become a key tool in multiple industries. Here are some common usage scenarios:
IP library/IP authentication
The proxy helps manage a large number of IPs, ensuring security and stability, especially when conducting data collection.
TIKTOK Business
The agent enables you to manage multiple TIKTOK accounts securely, preventing account suspension and ensuring stable operation.
Bing Services
When placing ads or conducting searches on Bing, the agent ensures that the account is not blocked and enhances the efficiency of data analysis.
E-commerce
On e-commerce platforms, agents assist merchants in conducting market research, analyzing pricing, and avoiding account suspension.
Advertising business
When placing advertisements, the agency ensures the security of multiple accounts to prevent the same IP from being banned.
Cryptocurrency business
The agent ensures the security of cryptocurrency transactions, protecting wallets and transaction privacy.
Financial business
Financial institutions use proxies to access global financial data for analysis and transactions, ensuring security.
Business on the East Coast of the United States
Accessing local content and services in the United States through an agent, bypassing geographical restrictions.
Portal website business
Act as an intermediary to bypass access restrictions and ensure continuous and stable data collection. ️
Apple business
When managing multiple Apple accounts, the agent ensures device security and prevents IP blocking.
Social media
The agent helps manage multiple social media accounts to avoid frequent logins that could result in account suspension.
Data collection
In large-scale data scraping, proxies effectively prevent the detection of abnormal traffic.
Tencent Games and related networks
Game players use proxies to bypass regional restrictions, ensuring a safe and worry-free experience.
Mail Service
Ensure that email marketing is not filtered and the agency helps ensure successful delivery.??
Game business
Agents help avoid IP blockages and enhance the gaming experience.
?? Does your business need an agent?
If your business involves managing multiple accounts, data collection, cross-regional access, etc., an agent is an ideal choice to enhance efficiency and ensure security.
Click the official website link, select the agent type suitable for your business, and learn more details!
Register with Novproxy to protect your online business!
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
The Novproxy proxy service can meet all your needs!
ISP proxy - $0.03 per IP.
Covering over 190 regions worldwide, the validity period of the IP is more than 24 hours.
Residential agent - $0.5 per GB
Covering over 190 countries/regions and valid for 90 days;
Rotation of ISP agents - $0.5 per GB
Unlimited IP, valid for 90 days;
Static Residential Hosting - $0.12 per IP per day
Infinite Housing Agency - $60.8 per day
The success rate is as high as 99.9%, with a response time of milliseconds.
Come and visit our website to find the package that suits you!
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Your work is stuck on "IP"? Account abnormality, data collection interruption, environment spoofing failure?
Don't let these minor issues slow down your big plan. It's time to switch to Novproxy dynamic residential IP!
When doing cross-border business, collecting data, and managing accounts, what do people fear the most?
Not that the competitors are too powerful, nor that the market is too competitive. Rather, they fear that your IP (Internet Protocol) won't be able to sustain!
Does it look familiar to you?
After changing dozens of IPs, the account is still frequently blocked?
The crawler project was just halfway through when the IP was blocked, and the progress was completely interrupted?
Changing to a different country's node, only to have the platform immediately detect it and directly restrict the functions for "non-local users"?
Advertising placement and price comparison, always unable to access the real local pages?
The root cause of the problem is usually not that your skills are inadequate, but rather that the IP itself is flawed.
Traditional proxies are too easy to be detected. Free nodes have poor stability. Cheap IPs are prone to sharing dark histories...
To truly handle the overseas network environment, there is only one solution: use dynamic residential IP that can "disguise as local people".
And Novproxy's dynamic residential IP just helps you perfectly solve these problems.
Dynamic rotation mechanism: Automatically switch IP when requesting, easily avoid anti-crawling and risk control systems.
Native ISP network: Originated from real home broadband, no trace of proxy can be identified.
Support for HTTP/SOCKS5: All kinds of tools, scripts, and automation tasks are all compatible.
Custom session retention: Flexible control of the usage time of the same IP, persistent tasks are as stable as an old dog.
Balance never expires + flexible API invocation: Use it however you want, and don't waste a penny of your budget.
Cross-border marketing, brand monitoring, intelligence gathering, batch operations of multiple accounts...
As long as the right IP is used, the operation will be much easier, and the risk control and failure rate will be directly reduced to zero...
So, don't let low-quality agencies hold you back any longer.
Novproxy Dynamic Residential IP allows you to truly achieve global stealth, freely switch, and firmly capture every target!
The main thing is, the price is also extremely cost-effective!
- Price details visit: https://novproxy.com?kwd=tt-no
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
The problem with your project is not a lack of luck, but a shortage of a clean IP.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Global overseas dynamic + static native IP providers! High-quality and pure, covering over 190 countries, with a vast supply of over 100 million independent IP pools! High-quality guarantee, no speed limit, no concurrent limit, smooth and stable without lag! Free trial available, cooperate only if satisfied! Seeking capable agents.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
✨Overseas IP Proxy Supply in Bulk
Asking for a quote won't hurt
✔Static Native IPs (Rock-bottom price: $0.99/7 days)
✔Native Static Residential IPs
✔Global Dynamic Residential IPs
✔High-Quality Native Pure Dynamic / Static / Residential IPs
✔Negotiable pricing for large volumes
✔Full after-sales support! Transparent pricing, long-term supply, bulk discounts!
✔New users get 500MB free
✔Satisfaction guaranteed—refunds available within 24 hours on business days
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Last night, I dreamed of you. You were dressed in a sharp suit, just like you had stepped down from the steps of the City of London, with a subtle golden thread shining on your cuffs. You bent down to tuck my loose hair behind my ear and whispered, "Don't worry. If you ever need an overseas IP, just come to me." When I woke up, the cool silk of your tie lingered on my fingertips.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
The shell top of the Sydney Opera House is bathed in moonlight like a sharp blade. You walk towards me, with your sleeves rolled up, revealing the black card in the dark pocket: "Don't worry, if you need overseas IP, definitely contact Novproxy."
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
The Seoul Han River Bridge was aglow with myriad lights. You leaned against the motorcycle and placed the helmet on my head. The wind carried this sentence as an electric current: "Don't worry. If you need an overseas IP, definitely find Novproxy."
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
In the early hours of Paris, the disco ball spins. You wrap your tie around my wrist. The bass shakes the champagne bubbles: "Don't worry. If you need an overseas IP, definitely find Novproxy."
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
✨Overseas IP Proxy Supply in Bulk
Asking for a quote won't hurt
✔Static Native IPs (Rock-bottom price: $0.99/7 days)
✔Native Static Residential IPs
✔Global Dynamic Residential IPs
✔High-Quality Native Pure Dynamic / Static / Residential IPs
✔Negotiable pricing for large volumes
✔Full after-sales support! Transparent pricing, long-term supply, bulk discounts!
✔New users get 500MB free
✔Satisfaction guaranteed—refunds available within 24 hours on business days
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
In my dream, you were leaning against the railing of a yacht in Monaco's port. Your fingertips were twirling a glass of champagne. You turned your head and winked at me, saying, "Don't worry. If you need an overseas IP, definitely contact Novproxy."
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Regarding us
We are Novproxy, a provider of the most cost-effective overseas residential IPs. We offer residential IPs from over 190 countries worldwide, capable of meeting various needs such as data collection, marketing promotion, and the management of multiple social media accounts. No matter what the scenario is, we can provide high-quality IPs and services, and also offer a trial.
What types are there?
Dynamic residential traffic packages: The lowest price is $0.5/GB, supporting sticky and rotational calls, and the traffic is never expired;
Long-term static ISP: In the US, $3.80/IP for 30 days, exclusive static IP, precise city-level positioning;
Unlimited traffic packages: Offer two types of port packages and port packages, unlimited traffic.
service
The customer service responded promptly and resolved the issue efficiently. More

New User Promotion: 2GB only $2!!
Get more discounts! Contact the account manager! Method of obtaining
After clicking the official link below to register, reply to the comment with your account or contact the customer service for manual gift.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
✨ Overseas IP Agency · Direct Wholesale
Just asking for the price. No cost involved at all.
✔ Static native IP - The 7-day trial price is only $0.9
✔ Native static residential IP, clean to the point of being radiant
✔ Global dynamic residential IP, freely switchable among 190 countries
✔ Purely dynamic / purely static / genuine residence, the three quality elements
✔ Quantity is large, price is good. The counter price is very low. Come and bargain!
✔ After-sales service is fully online, prices are transparent, goods are always in stock, and there is a discount for bulk purchases.
✔ New Customer Welcome Gift: Register and get 500M of data for free
✔ If you are not satisfied within 24 hours on a working day, you can get a refund at any time and the money will be credited to your account immediately.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Novproxy Overseas Proxy IP - Free Trial for New Users with 500M
The overseas proxy IP service provider has over 100 million native residential IPs, covering 190 countries and regions worldwide;
Native residential IPs ensure stable and efficient processing of each request;
Diverse packages offer flexible options, precisely matching various business application scenarios;
7*24-hour professional customer service is provided, responding quickly and resolving your usage issues at any time to ensure continuous business operation. 0 Acquisition Method: Click the official website registration below, then contact the customer service.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
190 Domestic Internet Plan, starting at $0.5 per GB. The more you use, the more you save!
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Today don't hoard IPs, tomorrow you'll be the one to get banned - Novproxy. Better crawl quickly before it's too late!
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Over 100M real-person IPs, 99% connection rate. Can't catch the data? Try Novproxy!
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
For information on how to use a residential proxy server to securely chat on Omegle, please consult Novproxy.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
NovProxy (Low Price)
NovProxy is the most cost-effective residential IP provider. It offers a free trial, the latest IP resources, dynamic residences, static ISPs, unlimited traffic, and pure resources from 195+ countries and regions worldwide.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Dynamic Residential IP Detailed Explanation
I. Definition
Dynamic Residential IP refers to a type of IP resource that is periodically switched out from the real residential network (the IP addresses allocated by telecommunications operators).
II. Simple Understanding
Each time you access the internet, it feels like you are accessing from "the homes of different real users". This IP "anonymity" is very strong and is highly suitable for scenarios where you need to avoid being identified by the platform.
IV. Core Roles in Cross-border Business (Five Key Words)
The role of Dynamic Residential IP in cross-border business can be summarized as: concealment, authenticity, rotation, batchness, and anti-blockade. Specific application scenarios are as follows:
✅ Evades platform risk control
The platform's risk control mechanism can identify IP duplication, anomalies, or characteristics from data centers. The dynamic IP can simulate a household user with irregular IP changes, significantly reducing the probability of risk control identification.
✅ Supports batch operations for multiple accounts
Suitable for matrix-style account operation, especially for project scenarios that require multiple accounts to log in, register, and test simultaneously.
✅ Enables global content access / advertising testing
Switch IP regions easily to achieve operations such as global content scraping, advertising click testing, language risk control adaptation, etc.
✅ Complements security environment with fingerprint browser
Combined with tools like AdsPower and GoLogin, each browser is bound to an IP, achieving complete account isolation and avoiding associated risks.
✅ Easier to scrape website data without being banned
The dynamic rotation feature is suitable for crawling tasks, avoiding being blocked by the server due to frequent requests.
?? Loyalty rewards are coming! Free + discounted dual surprises. Don't miss out!
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Proxy has become a key tool in multiple industries. Here are some common usage scenarios:
IP database/IP authentication
Proxies help manage a large number of IPs to ensure security and stability, especially when collecting data.
TIKTOK Business Agency
Let us help you manage multiple TIKTOK accounts safely, avoid account bans, and ensure stable operation.
Bing Business
When placing ads or conducting searches on Bing, the agency prevents accounts from being blocked and enhances the efficiency of data analysis.
On e-commerce platforms, agents assist merchants with market research, pricing analysis, and prevent account suspension.
Advertising business
When placing advertisements, the agency ensures the security of multiple accounts to prevent them from being banned due to the same IP address.
Cryptocurrency business
Agents ensure the security of cryptocurrency transactions, protecting wallets and transaction privacy.
Financial institutions use agents to access global financial data for analysis and transactions, ensuring security.??
East Coast US Business
Access local US content and services through a proxy to bypass geographical restrictions.
Portal website business
Proxy bypasses access restrictions to ensure continuous and stable data collection. ️
When managing multiple Apple accounts, the agent ensures device security and prevents IP bans.
Social media
An agent helps manage multiple social media accounts, avoiding frequent logins that could lead to account bans.
Data collection
In large-scale data scraping, proxies effectively prevent abnormal traffic from being detected.
Tencent Games and related online services
Players use proxies to bypass geographical restrictions and ensure a worry-free and secure gaming experience.
Email marketing
Ensure your email marketing campaigns are not filtered out. Our agency helps guarantee successful delivery.
Game business
Agents help avoid IP blocks and enhance the gaming experience.
?? Do you need a proxy for your business?
If your business involves managing multiple accounts, data collection, cross-regional access, etc., a proxy is an ideal choice to enhance efficiency and ensure security.
Click the official website link, select the proxy type that suits your business, and learn more details!
Register for Novproxy and protect your online business!
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
On January 29th at 03:17 in the morning, the main domain name resolution of IPIDEA failed; before 05:00, all 13 brands including IP2World, 922Proxy, Luna, and PIA S5 all returned a 502 error. Everyone thought it was a CDN failure, until Google's official blog topped with "Disrupting the Largest Residential Proxy Network" - the largest residential proxy network was jointly lawfully dismantled.
II. Google's Three Strikes
1. Domain Cancellation: 28 primary control domains and 165 delegation domains simultaneously received "temporary restraining orders" from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The proxy pool instantly lost 70% of its online IPs.
2. Fingerprint Sharing: 3,075 Windows samples and over 600 Android APKs were uploaded to VirusTotal. From that day on, Windows Defender and Play Protect simultaneously blocked them, and user-end apps were forcibly uninstalled.
3. Payment Freeze: PayPal, Stripe, and Coinbase received "asset protection notices". The downstream proxy cash flow was disrupted, and users' balances could not be withdrawn.
III. Technical Dissection: How IPIDEA Transforms "My Wi-Fi" into a Global Gateway
1. SDK Encapsulation: PacketSDK and EarnSDK attract developers to embed it with "zero-cost monetization".
2. Integration Process: Installation → Request VPN permission → Read hardware information → Report to Tier-1 → Receive proxy tasks.
3. Task Examples: The device receives `{job:"proxy", target:"www.xxxxx.com:443", duration:300}`, forwarding traffic for strangers without the user noticing.
4. Scale: Peak of 32 million online nodes, 68 PB of data flowing out in one week, and each user is "stolen" an average of 5.2 GB of upstream bandwidth per day.
IV. Legal Classification: Why "Botnet"
The "CFAA" in the United States ("Unauthorized Remote Control"), the GDPR in the European Union ("Illegal Processing of Personal Data"), and the suspected money laundering through multiple transfers by offshore shell companies - the dual pressure of criminal and hefty civil fines.
V. User Feedback
The error rate of the crawler soared to 47%. 9,000 Amazon buyer accounts were re-verified due to "high-risk IP association". TikTok directly added the IPIDEA network segment to the "Residential Botnet" blacklist. Historical login records triggered the batch account suspension. Unspent balance exceeding $25 million was frozen, and the recovery order came after "prosecutor's evidence collection".
VI. Industry Insights: The Three Criteria for Residential Agency
1. Compliance of Sources: Must sign lease agreements with local ISPs or licensed operators, and retain user consent.
2. Transparency of Architecture: Controlled domains and logs are auditable, and GDPR/CCPA data processing explanations can be provided.
3. Freedom of Exit: Balance can be withdrawn at any time, nodes can be shut down at any time, and API returns verifiable usage logs.
Seven. A proven new solution: Novproxy
If you are looking for an alternative solution that "does not inherit any legacy from IPIDEA and can be immediately connected to", you can consider Novproxy - there are only three reasons, all of which can be verified through testing:
1. True residence, without elevator room
The nodes directly purchase home broadband from 42 local ISPs including those from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and Australia. The Whois information shows "Comcast/Verizon/BT/DT", rather than "Datacenter Ltd.". The Novproxy domain name is not found in the Google seizure list, so there is no associated risk.
2. Instant withdrawal of balance, API connection within 5 minutes
Supports USDT, Alipay, and UnionPay for instant到账; remaining data will be automatically refunded to the original path at any time. The standard HTTP API is consistent with the fields of mainstream crawling frameworks (Scrapy, Apify, Puppeteer), and you can continue to run tasks by simply modifying one line of the access address.
3. Try it first and then make a decision.
The new account comes with 1GB overseas residence data, which can be used for unlimited switching within 3 days. There is no need to bind a card or provide real-name information. After testing your own business scenario, decide whether to recharge or not to avoid the "balance accumulation" disaster again.
Trial access:

The tombstone for IPIDEA has been placed. On the next monument, the inscription can be someone else's name, or it can be the moment when you managed to restore traffic, restore orders, and regain rankings. The one who gets there first wins. Wishing all of you a long-lasting business success.
 

Novproxy

Пользователь
Регистрация
12.11.2025
Сообщения
103
Благодарностей
0
Баллы
16
Novproxy's global infrastructure spans major markets including the United States (5.6M+ IPs), United Kingdom (1.4M+ IPs), and Germany (1.8M+ IPs), enabling precise geo-targeting for localized data collection.
 

Кто просматривает тему: (Всего: 1, Пользователи: 0, Гости: 1)